Administrator X Window System32 Cmd Executive Summary
Developer(s) | Microsoft, IBM, Digital Research, ReactOS Contributors |
---|---|
Initial release | 1985, 34–35 years ago |
Operating system | DOS, OS/2, Windows, ReactOS |
Type | Command |
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In computing, SUBST
is a command on the DOS, IBMOS/2,[1]MicrosoftWindows and ReactOS[2]operating systems used for substituting paths on physical and logical drives as virtual drives.
Overview[edit]
In MS-DOS, the SUBST
command was added with the release of MS-DOS 3.1.[3] The command is similar to floating drives, a more general concept in operating systems of Digital Research origin, including CP/M-86 2.x, Personal CP/M-86 2.x, Concurrent DOS, Multiuser DOS, System Manager 7, REAL/32, as well as DOS Plus and DR DOS (up to 6.0). DR DOS 6.0 includes an implementation of the SUBST
command.[4] The command is also available in FreeDOS[5] and PTS-DOS.[6] The Windows SUBST
command is available in supported versions of the command line interpretercmd.exe.[7] In Windows NT, SUBST
uses DefineDosDevice()
to create the disk mappings.
The JOIN
command is the 'opposite' of SUBST
, because JOIN
will take a drive letter and make it appear as a directory.
Some versions of MS-DOSCOMMAND.COM
support the undocumented internal TRUENAME
command which can display the 'true name' of a file, i.e. the fully qualified name with drive, path, and extension, which is found possibly by name only via the PATH environment variable, or through SUBST
, JOIN
and ASSIGN
filesystem mappings.
Syntax[edit]
This is the command syntax in Windows XP to associate a path with a drive letter:
Parameters[edit]
drive1:
– Specify a virtual drive to which to assign a path.[drive2:]path
– Specify a physical drive and path to assign to a virtual drive./D
– Delete a substituted (virtual) drive.
Using the SUBST
command with no parameters will display a list of current virtual drives.
Examples[edit]
Mapping a drive[edit]
This means that, for example, to map C:'s root to X:, the following command would be used at the command-line interface:
Upon doing this, a new drive called X: would appear under the My Computervirtual folder in Windows Explorer.
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Unmapping a drive[edit]
To unmap drive X: again, the following command needs to by typed at the command prompt:
Custom label[edit]
A custom label can[citation needed] be assigned to a drive letter created in this way by way of a registry key, which can be created by renaming (select 'rename' from the drive letter context menu or press F2) the SUBST drive in Windows Explorer/My Computer.
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREMicrosoftWindowsCurrentVersionExplorerDriveIconsMDefaultLabel
(DefaultValue) = Your Drive Label
'M' represents the drive letter to assign a custom label to.
However, labels created for SUBST drives in this manner are overridden by the label of the host drive/partition: the custom labels are only used if the host drive has no label. One may then:
- Delete the host's drive label;
- Create the proper registry keys for the SUBST drive letter;
- Create the proper registry keys for the host drive letter (optional, works around the host drive label override caveat);
- Re-create the SUBST drive to see label changes applied.
In addition the LABEL command is able to change the label name
LABEL <Your Drive Letter>: 'Your label value'
Persisting across reboots[edit]
Drive letters mapped in this way are not available during system startup for services nor do they persist across a reboot. However, with a registry modification it is possible to assign a path to a drive letter during startup so it is available to system services and persists across a reboot.
Create a new registry entry 'String Value' in the following key:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMCurrentControlSetControlSession ManagerDOS Devices
The name should be 'X:
' where X is the drive letter.
The value should be the path in the form:
??C:somedirectory
or in form:
DosDevicesC:somedirectory
or in form:
DeviceMup127.0.0.1C$somedirectory
There are tools available to make the necessary changes for you.
The relative to this thematic registry key is
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMMountedDevices
It defines mapping of drive letters into particular hard disk partitions, similar to /etc/fstab on a Unix system. It also can be edited manually, but only at that time while that particular installed Window operation system is 'inactive'. So that, for example, if you currently boot from 'D:Windows
' then you can edit the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMMountedDevices
key of Windows that is installed in a 'C:Windows
' folder, for an instance by doing the following actions:
- run command:
reg load hklm$system C:WINDOWSsystem32configsystem
- run command:
regedit.exe
- edit registry key
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE$systemMountedDevices
(that represents theHKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESYSTEMMountedDevices
registry key of the Windows instance that is installed inC:WINDOWS
) - close
regedit.exe
- run command:
reg unload hklm$system
(to complete the editing procedure)
Other methods for persisting across reboots[edit]
Method 3 is the recommended approach, but the others may work as well.
Method 1[edit]
Create a batch file to run the built-in SUBST
command to create a virtual drive letter for the existing mount points and place it in the user accounts startup folder.
Here is an example:
The user must log off and back on or the service must be restarted for the changes to take effect.
Method 2[edit]
Edit the registry to run the built-in subst command during computer startup or user logon by leveraging the appropriate Run registry key. The easiest way to do this is to create a registry file (.reg), and double click the file to import the settings into the registry.
Example to run during computer boot
The computer must be rebooted for the changes to take effect.
Example of user logon
The user must log off and back on for the changes to take effect.
Method 3[edit]
Edit the registry to create virtual drives to the desired mount points across reboots for all users by leveraging the DOS Devices registry key. The easiest way to do this is to create a registry file (.reg), and double click the file to import the settings into the registry.
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Here is an example registry file.
After configuring the registry the computer must be rebooted for the changes to take effect.
Limitations[edit]
- Windows actions which act on disks at the physical layer are not possible.[8]
- Since (at least) Microsoft Windows XP SP2
autorun.inf
files present in the new drive letter are ignored; thus, AutoRun/AutoPlay does not work on drive letters created in this way. In addition, assigning a custom icon or label to the drive letter created this way viaautorun.inf
does not work. A custom label assigned to the drive letter created withsubst
only appears if the source drive/volume does not have a volume label set (check and set with thelabel
command). - Starting with Windows Vista, deleted files are immediately deleted permanently, and are not moved to the Recycle Bin. Prior to Windows Vista (in Windows XP, for example) files from substituted 'disks' were moved to the Recycle Bin when deleted.
- Files or folders on drives created this way may have different access rights. Software installations may not work correctly, because the Config.msi directory created by the windows installer can not be accessed properly. Log files can not be written although the executing user has administrative rights.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^http://www.jatomes.com/Help/Os2Cmd.php#SUBST
- ^https://github.com/reactos/reactos/blob/master/base/system/subst/subst.c
- ^Wolverton, Van (2003). Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. ISBN0-7356-1812-7.
- ^DR DOS 6.0 User Guide Optimisation and Configuration Tips
- ^http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/files/distributions/1.2/repos/pkg-html/group-base.html
- ^'PTS-DOS 2000 Pro User Manual'(PDF). Buggingen, Germany: Paragon Technology GmbH. 1999. Archived(PDF) from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-12.
- ^Microsoft TechNet Subst article
- ^Microsoft.com
Further reading[edit]
- Cooper, Jim (2001). Special Edition Using MS-DOS 6.22, Third Edition. Que Publishing. ISBN978-0789725738.
- Kathy Ivens; Brian Proffit (1993). OS/2 Inside & Out. Osborne McGraw-Hill. ISBN978-0078818714.
- John Paul Mueller (2007). Windows Administration at the Command Line for Windows Vista, Windows 2003, Windows XP, and Windows 2000. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0470165799.
External links[edit]
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Guide to Windows Commands |
- Visual Subst — a GUI tool with persistent drive-mapping option.